Zero-Energy Design

Inhoud

1 GETTING STARTED 12

1.1 Introduction By Andy van den Dobbelsteen 13

1.1.1 Challenges 13

1.1.2 This book 16

1.2 Energy & Power By Andy van den Dobbelsteen 20

1.2.1 Energy Slaves 20

1.2.2 Energy 20

1.2.3 Power 22

1.2.4 The flame and energy used at home 23

1.3 Heat Balance By Eric van den Ham 26

1.3.1 Heat losses 27

1.3.2 Heat gains 28

1.3.3 Heat balance in winter 30

1.3.4 Heat balance in summer 31

1.3.5 Heat balance in spring and autumn 33

1.3.6 Conclusion 35

Introduction to Chapter 2 36

Case 1 Prêt-à-Loger By Andy van den Dobbelsteen37

2 RESEARCHING THE LOCAL CIRCUMSTANCES 48

2.1 The Climate By Andy van den Dobbelsteen 49

2.1.1 Climates across the globe 49

2.1.2 Back to locality 51

2.1.3 Important climate aspects for buildings 53

2.1.4 Understanding the sun 54

2.2 History and principles of bioclimatic design By Andy van den Dobbelsteen 58

2.2.1 Protection 58

2.2.2 Stabilising the indoor climate 62

2.2.3 Admitting light 65

2.2.4 Air refreshment 68

2.2.5 Smart bioclimatic design 71

Introduction to Chapter 3 72

Case 2 Proyecto Roble By Andy van den Dobbelsteen 75

3 REDUCING THE ENERGY DEMAND 86

3.1 Passive and smart bioclimatic design By Andy van den Dobbelsteen87

3.2 Thermal insulation By Eric van den Ham 98

3.2.1 Heat transmission 98

3.2.2 Determining the U value and thermal resistance 99

3.2.3 Adding thermal insulation 101

3.2.4 Thermal transmittance of windows 104

3.2.5 Conclusion 106

3.3 Ventilation By Regina Bokel 107

3.3.1 The energy of ventilation 107

3.3.2 Energy required to move air 109

3.3.3 Energy required to heat air 111

3.3.4 Ventilation systems 112

3.3.5 Ventilation control 114

3.3.6 Ventilation in hot countries 115

Introduction to Chapter 4 116

Case 3 Villa Flora By Andy van den Dobbelsteen 117

4 USING RESIDUAL ENERGY 126

4.1 Heat recovery By Eric van den Ham 127

4.1.1 Losses and gains 127

4.1.2 Heat exchangers 129

4.1.3 Heat recovery from ventilated air 131

4.1.4 Heat recovery from water 132

4.1.5 Ground duct ventilation 134

4.1.6 Conclusion 136

4.2 Heat pumps and air conditioners By Sabine Jansen 137

4.2.1 Air-conditioning 137

4.2.2 The heat pump principle 138

4.2.3 Sources for heat pumps 142

4.2.4 Heat pumps in practice 143

4.2.5 Conclusion 145

4.3 Thermal energy storage By Sabine Jansen 146

4.3.1 Mismatch in supply and demand 146

4.3.2 Storing thermal energy 148

4.3.3 Interseasonal storage underground 151

4.3.4 Conclusion 153

4.4 Energetic Programming By Andy van den Dobbelsteen154

4.4.1 Heat demands and potentials in cities 154

4.4.2 Exchanging heat 155

4.4.3 Heat cascading 159

4.4.4 Urban heat collectors 160

4.4.5 Conclusion 162

Introduction to Chapter 5 163

Case 4 Pulse By Andy van den Dobbelsteen165

5 GENERATING RENEWABLE ENERGY 178

5.1 Solar energy By Siebe Broersma 179

5.1.1 Ways to use solar energy 179

5.1.2 Architectural integration, or lack thereof 181

5.1.2 Types of photovoltaics 184

5.1.3 Energy production by photovoltaics 187

5.1.4 Solar heat from solar thermal collectors 189

5.1.5 Integrated solar systems 192

5.2 Biomass By Leo Gommans 194

5.2.1 Forms of biomass 194

5.2.2 Forms of biomass 197

5.2.3 A personal small-scale example 198

5.2.4 Large-scale systems on the isle of Samsø 201

5.2.5 Organic waste processing 203

5.3 Environmental energy By Michiel Fremouw 205

5.3.1 Introduction 205

5.3.2 Air as environmental source 207

5.3.3 Open water as environmental source 210

5.3.4 The underground as environmental source 213

5.3.5 Conclusion 217

Introduction to Chapter 6 219

Case 5 Modular Office Renovation (MOR) By Andy van den Dobbelsteen 223 

6 INTEGRATING IT ALL 236

6.1 Integrated design By Tess Blom 237

6.1.1 Research 238

6.1.2 Reduce – passive solutions 238

6.1.3 Reduce – active solutions 244

6.1.4 Reuse 245

6.1.5 Produce 249

6.1.6 Integrated scheme 253

References 255

Contributors 257